Barnard was raised by his maternal grandparents after his mother's death when he was five. Lack of funds caused him to leave school at 15 to work in a piano factory.
In 1906 he enrolled at Harvard to study Economics and despite his many jobs, he was unable to fund the completion of his studies. Joining AT&T in 1909 in the statistics department, he progressed until he became a divisional CEO.
Of his handful of books, The Functions of the Executive (1938) confirmed Barnard's belief that management incorporated leadership, ethics, morality, communication and co-operation, joined together by co-ordination; he also believed that workers should not be driven, because they produced the best result when they co-operated.